Resource and energy saving technologies require a mandatory integrated approach to the production, distribution and consumption of electricity. And in the construction phase of a house, modern energy-saving technologies are always associated with innovations in the field of construction, as a significant part of electricity is used to heat the house in cold weather and to cool it in hot weather. . This immediately requires the planned use of energy-efficient materials. In addition, a customized domestic supply system will allow, in some cases, to completely abandon the traditional method of supplying electricity.
Energy Saving Technologies in Construction
The best example of energy-saving technologies in construction so far can serve as so-called "energy-efficient homes", in which, ideally, in winter, a comfortable temperature is maintained without the use of a traditional heating system, and in winter. summer without an air conditioning system.
Such structures, depending on technological variations, are also called Zero Energy Houses - "zero energy houses" or "passive houses".
To get as close as possible to the standards of such a house, it contains:
- installing an individual boiler room or other heat supply source, often connecting pumps that return heat from exhaust air from the ventilation duct, earth heat or wastewater,
- replace part of the solar electricity (collector), and the direct energy of the sun, in turn, is used competently according to the thermal balance of the building, connecting translucent and reflective structures,
- they use modern thermal insulation materials, and this applies to building materials and communication systems.
The energy saving method described above assumes that the building becomes the ultimate recipient of electricity from the power plants. Now, however, the possibility of a complete transition to individual energy supply systems is being considered an innovative practice, when the building itself actually becomes a "power plant" and starts distributing electricity to other consumers.
This is possible, for example, with the widespread use of nano-photovoltaic cells, which are considered one of the most promising solutions. In Freiburg, Germany, the local solar institute is using the city space as a kind of "testing ground" for testing solar technology, introducing solar panels into the stadium, rebuilding entire neighborhoods (58 residential buildings and an office building at the district boundary) for the new concept of "active homes" The main obstacle to the widespread adoption of these technologies is the high cost of ultra-pure industrial silicone, which is used for batteries (about US$450/kg). It was replaced by nanotechnology and a special carbon - fullerene. But so far its efficiency is 2. 5 times less than that of silicon solar cells.
Energy saving technologies in everyday life
The main direction in creating energy-saving technologies in everyday life is individual regulation of energy consumption using "smart" technologies, depending on:
- personal habits of residents and preferences in the microclimate,
- the time of year (day) when the "intelligent" system rebuilds itself, choosing to turn it on and with what intensity to work.
For example, an automatic home lighting system turns the light on only when needed, turning it off during the day and turning it on at night when activated by sound via the built-in microphone. When noise occurs within a radius of 5 meters, an energy saving lamp automatically turns on, which does not go out while someone is in the room.
But until these "intellectual" innovations become dominant, experts recommend the use of "preventive economics" methods of electricity in everyday life, which include:
- replacement of incandescent lamps by energy saving lamps (with reduced consumption of 5 to 6 times) or even more economical by LED,
- the transition to appliances with a high energy efficiency class (A- A +++), which, when compared to outdated models, can show a difference of 50%,
- turn off devices (equipment) in standby mode: TVs, music centers and recorders, which still consume 3-10 W in the off state, but not off,
- turn off or put the computer into sleep mode, which, during uninterrupted work, "consumes" 70-120 kW / h per month.
Special attention must be given to the refrigerator, which is recommended:
- do not place next to the stove (increases energy consumption by 25-30%),
- don't fill it with food that hasn't yet cooled,
- prevent the formation of a gap in the seal,
- do not cover the radiator and do not "back" to the wall.
The introduction of energy-saving technologies in housing and community services looks like a transition to drives with functions to optimize rotational speed as a function of actual load, which, when operating elevators or ventilation units, can save up to 50% of electricity.